Go straight to the sources for your biggest stem cell therapy questions.
Enclosed is a long list of peer reviewed studies which have been used to help formulate our cell based therapies and comprehensive customized programs.
A peer reviewed study is one which has been reviewed by peers in a directly correlated area of medicine or science, and is similar to submitting a term essay to an entire staff of teachers specializing in the topic of the essay prior to the essay being viewed by the public. The process of peer reviewing prevents authors from publishing content of scientific nature which may not adhere to a strict standard.
Although the following is not an exhaustive list of the information we used, it is the basis of our theories. Each section is grouped by similar topics used to answer questions about the use of specific treatments of cell therapies. You may notice that there are some papers which are repeated; this is due to the crossover of information from one topic to the other.
These studies are intended to provide you with a body of scientific knowledge; even so, readers must consider that we are providing a one-sided review of results, and are not providing you with studies which contain a negative or neutral result.
In addition, new supporting and conflicting studies may appear daily, and we are only presenting from the body of literature available at the time of the development of this website. It is suggested that readers perform their own review of the scientific literature.
1. Combination of High Tibial Osteotomy and Autologous Bone Marrow Derived Cell
Implantation in Early Osteoarthritis of Knee: A Preliminary Study.
Cavallo M, Sayyed-Hosseinian SH, Parma A, Buda R, Mosca M, Giannini S.
Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2018 Mar; 6(2): 112-118
PMC [article] PMCID: PMC5867354, PMID: 29600263
2. Chu CR, Fortier LA, Williams A, Payne KA, McCarrel TM, Bowers ME, Jaramillo D.
Minimally Manipulated Bone Marrow Concentrate Compared with Microfracture
Treatment of Full-Thickness Chondral Defects: A One-Year Study in an Equine
Model. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018 Jan 17;100(2):138-146. doi:
10.2106/JBJS.17.00132. PubMed [citation] PMID: 29342064
3. Avoidance of Total Knee Arthroplasty in Early Osteoarthritis of the Knee with
Intra-Articular Implantation of Autologous Activated Peripheral Blood Stem Cells
versus Hyaluronic Acid: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Differential Effects
of Growth Factor Addition.
Turajane T, Chaveewanakorn U, Fongsarun W, Aojanepong J, Papadopoulos KI.
Stem Cells International. 2017 Sep 19; 2017: 8925132
PMC [article] PMCID: PMC5625803, PMID: 29056974, DOI: 10.1155/2017/8925132
4. Biological treatment of the knee with platelet-rich plasma or bone marrow
aspirate concentrates: A review of the current status.
Moatshe G, Morris ER, Cinque ME, Pascual-Garrido C, Chahla J, Engebretsen L,
Laprade RF.
Acta Orthopaedica. 2017 Aug 23; 88(6): 670-674
PMC [article] PMCID: PMC5694813, PMID: 28831830, DOI: 10.1080/17453674.2017.1368899
5. Garay-Mendoza D, Villarreal-Martínez L, Garza-Bedolla A, Pérez-Garza DM,
Acosta-Olivo C, Vilchez-Cavazos F, Diaz-Hutchinson C, Gómez-Almaguer D,
Jaime-Pérez JC, Mancías-Guerra C. The effect of intra-articular injection of
autologous bone marrow stem cells on pain and knee function in patients with
osteoarthritis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2018 Jan;21(1):140-147. doi:
10.1111/1756-185X.13139. Epub 2017 Jul 27. PubMed [citation] PMID: 28752679
6. Intra-articular injection in the knee of adipose derived stromal cells (stromal
vascular fraction) and platelet rich plasma for osteoarthritis.
Bansal H, Comella K, Leon J, Verma P, Agrawal D, Koka P, Ichim T.
Journal of Translational Medicine. 2017 Jun 19; 15: 141
PMC [article] PMCID: PMC5477422, PMID: 28629466, DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1242-4
7. Caplan AI. Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Time to Change the Name! Stem Cells Transl
Med. 2017 Jun;6(6):1445-1451. doi: 10.1002/sctm.17-0051. Epub 2017 Apr 28. PubMed
[citation] PMID: 28452204, PMCID: PMC5689741
8. Shapiro SA, Kazmerchak SE, Heckman MG, Zubair AC, O'Connor MI. A Prospective,
Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate for
Knee Osteoarthritis. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Jan;45(1):82-90. doi:
10.1177/0363546516662455. Epub 2016 Sep 30. PubMed [citation] PMID: 27566242
9. Campbell TM, Churchman SM, Gomez A, McGonagle D, Conaghan PG, Ponchel F, Jones E.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Alterations in Bone Marrow Lesions in Patients With Hip
Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 Jul;68(7):1648-59. doi:
10.1002/art.39622. PubMed [citation] PMID: 26866940, PMCID: PMC4941540
10. Koh YG, Kwon OR, Kim YS, Choi YJ, Tak DH. Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
With Microfracture Versus Microfracture Alone: 2-Year Follow-up of a Prospective
Randomized Trial. Arthroscopy. 2016 Jan;32(1):97-109. doi:
10.1016/j.arthro.2015.09.010. Epub 2015 Nov 14. PubMed [citation] PMID: 26585585
11. Orthopedic cellular therapy: An overview with focus on clinical trials.
Noh MJ, Lee KH.
World Journal of Orthopedics. 2015 Nov 18; 6(10): 754-761
PMC [article] PMCID: PMC4644862, PMID: 26601056, DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v6.i10.754
12. Kiefer KM, O'Brien TD, Pluhar EG, Conzemius M. Canine adipose-derived stromal
cell viability following exposure to synovial fluid from osteoarthritic joints.
Vet Rec Open. 2015 Jul 24;2(1):e000063. doi: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000063.
eCollection 2015. PubMed [citation] PMID: 26392889, PMCID: PMC4567176
13. Richardson SM, Kalamegam G, Pushparaj PN, Matta C, Memic A, Khademhosseini A,
Mobasheri R, Poletti FL, Hoyland JA, Mobasheri A. Mesenchymal stem cells in
regenerative medicine: Focus on articular cartilage and intervertebral disc
regeneration. Methods. 2016 Apr 15;99:69-80. doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.09.015.
Epub 2015 Sep 15. Review. PubMed [citation] PMID: 26384579
14. Kim YS, Choi YJ, Lee SW, Kwon OR, Suh DS, Heo DB, Koh YG. Assessment of clinical
and MRI outcomes after mesenchymal stem cell implantation in patients with knee
osteoarthritis: a prospective study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2016
Feb;24(2):237-45. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.08.009. Epub 2015 Aug 28. PubMed
[citation] PMID: 26318655
15. McCrum CL, Vangsness CT. Postmeniscectomy Meniscus Growth With Stem Cells: Where
Are We Now? Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2015 Sep;23(3):139-42. doi:
10.1097/JSA.0000000000000073. Review. PubMed [citation] PMID: 26225573
16. Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Articular Cartilage:
A Systematic Review on Preclinical and Clinical Evidence.
Perdisa F, Gostyńska N, Roffi A, Filardo G, Marcacci M, Kon E.
Stem Cells International. 2015 Jul 9; 2015: 597652
PMC [article] PMCID: PMC4512635, PMID: 26240572, DOI: 10.1155/2015/597652
17. Wang W, He N, Feng C, Liu V, Zhang L, Wang F, He J, Zhu T, Wang S, Qiao W, Li S,
Zhou G, Zhang L, Dai C, Cao W. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells
engraft into rabbit articular cartilage. Int J Mol Sci. 2015 May
27;16(6):12076-91. doi: 10.3390/ijms160612076. PubMed [citation] PMID: 26023716,
PMCID: PMC4490430
18. Meniscus repair using mesenchymal stem cells – a comprehensive review.
Yu H, Adesida AB, Jomha NM.
Stem Cell Research & Therapy. 2015 Apr 30; 6(1): 86
PMC [article] PMCID: PMC4415251, PMID: 25925426, DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0077-2
19. Michalek J, Moster R, Lukac L, Proefrock K, Petrasovic M, Rybar J, Capkova M,
Chaloupka A, Darinskas A, Michalek J Sr, Kristek J, Travnik J, Jabandziev P,
Cibulka M, Holek M, Jurik M, Skopalik J, Kristkova Z, Dudasova Z. WITHDRAWN:
Autologous adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction cells application in
patients with osteoarthritis. Cell Transplant. 2015 Jan 20. doi:
10.3727/096368915X686760. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed [citation] PMID: 25706817
20. Toupet K, Maumus M, Luz-Crawford P, Lombardo E, Lopez-Belmonte J, van Lent P,
Garin MI, van den Berg W, Dalemans W, Jorgensen C, Noël D. Survival and
biodistribution of xenogenic adipose mesenchymal stem cells is not affected by
the degree of inflammation in arthritis. PLoS One. 2015 Jan 5;10(1):e0114962.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114962. eCollection 2015. Erratum in: PLoS One.
2015;10(3):e0120406. PubMed [citation] PMID: 25559623, PMCID: PMC4283953
21. Leyh M, Seitz A, Dürselen L, Schaumburger J, Ignatius A, Grifka J, Grässel S.
Subchondral bone influences chondrogenic differentiation and collagen production
of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and articular chondrocytes.
Arthritis Res Ther. 2014 Oct 7;16(5):453. doi: 10.1186/s13075-014-0453-9. PubMed
[citation] PMID: 25296561, PMCID: PMC4209060
22. Kim YS, Lee HJ, Choi YJ, Kim YI, Koh YG. Does an injection of a stromal vascular
fraction containing adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells influence the outcomes
of marrow stimulation in osteochondral lesions of the talus? A clinical and
magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Sports Med. 2014 Oct;42(10):2424-34. doi:
10.1177/0363546514541778. Epub 2014 Aug 8. PubMed [citation] PMID: 25106781
23. Ongaro A, Pellati A, Bagheri L, Fortini C, Setti S, De Mattei M. Pulsed
electromagnetic fields stimulate osteogenic differentiation in human bone marrow
and adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 2014
Sep;35(6):426-36. doi: 10.1002/bem.21862. Epub 2014 Aug 6. PubMed [citation]
PMID: 25099126
24. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells: An update on their phenotype in
vivo and in vitro.
Baer PC.
World Journal of Stem Cells. 2014 Jul 26; 6(3): 256-265
PMC [article] PMCID: PMC4131268, PMID: 25126376, DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i3.256
25. Schelbergen RF, van Dalen S, ter Huurne M, Roth J, Vogl T, Noël D, Jorgensen C,
van den Berg WB, van de Loo FA, Blom AB, van Lent PL. Treatment efficacy of
adipose-derived stem cells in experimental osteoarthritis is driven by high
synovial activation and reflected by S100A8/A9 serum levels. Osteoarthritis
Cartilage. 2014 Aug;22(8):1158-66. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.022. Epub 2014 Jun
10. PubMed [citation] PMID: 24928317
26. Feng Q, Zhu M, Wei K, Bian L. Cell-mediated degradation regulates human
mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis and hypertrophy in MMP-sensitive hyaluronic
acid hydrogels. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 9;9(6):e99587. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0099587. eCollection 2014. PubMed [citation] PMID: 24911871,
PMCID: PMC4049825
27. Nelson FR, Zvirbulis RA, Zonca B, Li KW, Turner SM, Pasierb M, Wilton P,
Martinez-Puig D, Wu W. The effects of an oral preparation containing hyaluronic
acid (Oralvisc®) on obese knee osteoarthritis patients determined by pain,
function, bradykinin, leptin, inflammatory cytokines, and heavy water analyses.
Rheumatol Int. 2015 Jan;35(1):43-52. doi: 10.1007/s00296-014-3047-6. Epub 2014
Jun 5. Erratum in: Rheumatol Int. 2015 Jan;35(1):53. PubMed [citation] PMID:
24899570
28. Roemeling-van Rhijn M, Khairoun M, Korevaar SS, Lievers E, Leuning DG, Ijzermans
JN, Betjes MG, Genever PG, van Kooten C, de Fijter HJ, Rabelink TJ, Baan CC,
Weimar W, Roelofs H, Hoogduijn MJ, Reinders ME. Human Bone Marrow- and Adipose
Tissue-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells are Immunosuppressive In vitro and in a
Humanized Allograft Rejection Model. J Stem Cell Res Ther. 2013 Nov 25;Suppl
6(1):20780. PubMed [citation] PMID: 24672744, PMCID: PMC3963708
29. A Novel Single Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Stimulates Osteogenesis of Bone
Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Bone Repair.
Fu YC, Lin CC, Chang JK, Chen CH, Tai IC, Wang GJ, Ho ML.
PLoS ONE. 2014 Mar 14; 9(3): e91581
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30. Pak J, Lee JH, Lee SH. Regenerative repair of damaged meniscus with autologous
adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:436029. doi:
10.1155/2014/436029. Epub 2014 Jan 30. Review. PubMed [citation] PMID: 24592390,
PMCID: PMC3925627
31. Jo CH, Lee YG, Shin WH, Kim H, Chai JW, Jeong EC, Kim JE, Shim H, Shin JS, Shin
IS, Ra JC, Oh S, Yoon KS. Intra-articular injection of mesenchymal stem cells for
the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a proof-of-concept clinical trial.
Stem Cells. 2014 May;32(5):1254-66. doi: 10.1002/stem.1634. Erratum in: Stem
Cells. 2017 Jun;35(6):1651-1652. PubMed [citation] PMID: 24449146
32. Intra-Articular Injection of Human Meniscus Stem/Progenitor Cells Promotes
Meniscus Regeneration and Ameliorates Osteoarthritis Through Stromal Cell-Derived
Factor-1/CXCR4-Mediated Homing.
Shen W, Chen J, Zhu T, Chen L, Zhang W, Fang Z, Heng BC, Yin Z, Chen X, Ji J,
Chen W, Ouyang HW.
Stem Cells Translational Medicine. 2014 Jan 21; 3(3): 387-394
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33. Vangsness CT Jr, Farr J 2nd, Boyd J, Dellaero DT, Mills CR, LeRoux-Williams M.
Adult human mesenchymal stem cells delivered via intra-articular injection to the
knee following partial medial meniscectomy: a randomized, double-blind,
controlled study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Jan 15;96(2):90-8. doi:
10.2106/JBJS.M.00058. PubMed [citation] PMID: 24430407
34. Amide-Type Local Anesthetics and Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Clinical
Implications for Stem Cell Therapy.
Dregalla RC, Lyons NF, Reischling PD, Centeno CJ.
Stem Cells Translational Medicine. 2014 Jan 16; 3(3): 365-374
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35. Koh YG, Choi YJ, Kwon SK, Kim YS, Yeo JE. Clinical results and second-look
arthroscopic findings after treatment with adipose-derived stem cells for knee
osteoarthritis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015 May;23(5):1308-16. doi:
10.1007/s00167-013-2807-2. Epub 2013 Dec 11. PubMed [citation] PMID: 24326779
36. Nam HY, Karunanithi P, Loo WC, Naveen S, Chen H, Hussin P, Chan L, Kamarul T. The
effects of staged intra-articular injection of cultured autologous mesenchymal
stromal cells on the repair of damaged cartilage: a pilot study in caprine model.
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37. Wong KL, Lee KB, Tai BC, Law P, Lee EH, Hui JH. Injectable cultured bone
marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in varus knees with cartilage defects
undergoing high tibial osteotomy: a prospective, randomized controlled clinical
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38. Maisonneuve BG, Roux DC, Thorn P, Cooper-White JJ. Effects of cell density and
biomacromolecule addition on the flow behavior of concentrated mesenchymal cell
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39. Doi K, Kuno S, Kobayashi A, Hamabuchi T, Kato H, Kinoshita K, Eto H, Aoi N,
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liquid portion of liposuction aspirates with the use of an adherent column.
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Acid (HA) Viscosupplementation on Synovial Fluid Inflammation in Knee
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41. Hauser RA, Orlofsky A. Regenerative injection therapy with whole bone marrow
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43. Van Pham P, Bui KH, Ngo DQ, Vu NB, Truong NH, Phan NL, Le DM, Duong TD, Nguyen
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47. Philips BJ, Grahovac TL, Valentin JE, Chung CW, Bliley JM, Pfeifer ME, Roy SB,
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Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells exert antiinflammatory effects on
chondrocytes and synoviocytes from osteoarthritis patients through prostaglandin
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61. Suhaeb AM, Naveen S, Mansor A, Kamarul T. Hyaluronic acid with or without bone
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